Blood clots can originate from almost any part of the body. They will travel through the blood stream until they become lodged in an artery. Describes the errors seen most frequently in undergraduate mathematics, the most likely causes and remedies. Avoid these in order to improve class performance. Its not every day one stumbles upon a 400 pound whale heart, but when you do, you put that shit in a museum. Thankfully, thats exactly what the folks at the. Yahoo Lifestyle is your source for style, beauty, and wellness, including health, inspiring stories, and the latest fashion trends. Automation vs Human Intervention What is the Best Fit for the Best Performance. The information and materials contained in this paper have been developed from sources believed to be reliable. However, the American Society of Safety Engineers ASSE accepts no legal responsibility for the correctness or completeness of this material or its application to specific factual situations. This paper is being considered for adoption as a formal position of ASSE. Presentation of this paper does not ensure that adherence to these recommendations will protect the safety or health of any persons or preserve property. Band Of Brothers Free Online Episode 5. Questions should be sent to tfisherasse. This Draft Statement was prepared by Automation vs Human Intervention. What is the Best Fit for the Best Performance. Joel M. Haight, Ph. D., P. E., CIH, CSPDept. Energy and Geo Environmental Engineering. Penn State University. Hosler Building. University Park, PA 1. Telephone 8. 14 8. Fax 8. 14 8. 65 3. Email jmh. 44psu. INTRODUCTION. Does automation of control systems in todays industry help to reduce human errorIntuitively, one would expect that if we engineered humans out of the system, errors would decrease. This would seem to be a worthwhile goal. In fact, well known management consultant, Walter Bennis, says the factory of the future will have only two employees, a human and a dog. The human is there only to feed the dog and the dog is there to bite the human if he or she touches anything Paradies and Unger, 2. Human error is inevitable and this may prompt us to think like Mr. Bennis Hammond, K. R., Unknown year. While it may seem appealing to automate humans out of the man machine system, we do provide judgment, logic and opinions. As a component in the control system, humans are variable, interactive and adaptable. But, error is a natural and inevitable result of this variability. Therefore, our input can be both a blessing and a curse to those responsible for system design or performance. Humans can fill many roles as we can adapt and specialize, but our natural variability also makes it possible to take actions that the system cannot tolerate Lorenzo, 1. Human error is often implicated as a cause of or contributor to industrial, military, airline, agricultural and mining incidents that result in injuries, fires, spills or even unplanned equipment down time. Even with emphasis on automation in recent years, various sources still report today, that between 5. It is difficult to say exactly what the real figure is because it depends on ones perspective. However, whatever your perspective, it can be reasonably well argued that a large percentage of industrial incidents are contributed to or caused by human error Haight 2. As technology improves and efficient and highly productive output becomes an absolute necessity for financial survival, we may be more inclined to use automated control systems. However, there is a cost to the growth in this phenomenon. Twenty two years ago, this author, while learning the oil production industry, spent much time with experienced first line supervisors. It was impressive to watch these people in action while driving around the oil fields. A supervisor would stop the truck upon hearing something out of the ordinary a hiss, an unfamiliar vibration. He would walk to the equipment and listen more closely, place his hand on a pump or a piece of piping and then radio the maintenance supervisor to request the repair of a leak, a bad order bearing or some other problem. These supervisors relied on experience and sentient knowledge knowledge obtained from the senses to operate the process. They had a feel for the system. With todays reliance on computer controlled automation, can human operators develop this same level of experience or sentient knowledge While automation provides predictable, consistent performance, it lacks judgment, adaptability and logic. While humans provide judgment, adaptability and logic, we are unpredictable, inconsistent and subject to emotions and motivation. To maximize system performance, do we follow Mr. Bennis suggestion and possibly lose the sentient knowledge or feel for the process or do we maximize human input and lose efficient, consistent, human error free system performance The answer is likely somewhere in the middle of these two extremes and different for each individual system and situation. This paper provides a review of the existing literature covering the many types of control schemes and parameters that determine system performance. The paper will seek to answer the question how can we minimize human error while still maximizing system performanceWhat is the right human machine mix POSITION STATEMENT. In my opinion, the American Society of Safety Engineers should take the following positions. Human error is inevitable. Automation of industrial system performance is an accepted means to minimize human error and its impact. System designers must recognize that humans provide valuable characteristics such as judgment, flexibility, adaptability, experience and sentient knowledge feel for the process and are therefore essential components in industrial systems. System designers must recognize that to achieve maximum system performance while minimizing human error and risk to human operators, they must fully understand human physical, mental and emotional capacities and limitations and account for these in their designs. Human errors and system risk can be minimized if system designers incorporate known principles of human machine interaction and ensure humans remain mentally engaged in system operation. System performance can be maximized if designers incorporate into their designs, optimized levels of the strengths of each of the human and machine components in the system. Watch Conspiracy Encounters Putlocker. HOW DOES AN ENGINEER CONSIDER HUMAN AND AUTOMATED COMPONENTSWhile we would all like to minimize human error and maximize performance in any system, the decision to automate or of how much to automate should be dealt with like any design decision. There are a number of variables to consider when designing a system that requires a combination of human input and automated control. In addition to discussing these variables, it is important to determine a number of foundation definitions and considerations of human engineering to ensure each situation can be based on consistent principles. Petersen 1. 99. 6, in quoting Peters 1. There are other definitions out there, but from the point of view of designing, operating and maintaining an industrial system, this one provides a working foundation. When humans make errors and cause a system to fail, it doesnt fail due to any one particular reason. It fails because of the kinds of people operating the system, the amount of training they have received and the level to which they are physically or mentally able to cope with the way the system was designed. The system failure can be a function of the operating procedures provided for the person and the environment in which the people are working Chapanis 1. Petersen 1. 99. 6 explains that with this view, it should be important for us to recognize that it is likely that most human errors are not made because the person is not intelligent or that they are wrong. They commit errors because, in the heat of the moment, they make decisions and take actions that seem logical given the situations and systems in which they are operating. He tells us the errors are caused. While human error may be caused, history has shown that it is inevitable. It then stands to reason that anyone responsible for designing a system may want to engineer the inevitable human error out of the system. Often times this is done by automating the system. Although wanting to minimize human error is not the only reason for automating a system, it is one of a number of the driving forces.